Test Design Techniques

Black Box Testing

// testing without knowing the internal code — purely based on inputs and outputs.

White Box Testing

// testing with full knowledge of the internal code structure.

Grey Box Testing

// a mix of black box and white box — partial knowledge of the system.

Equivalence Partitioning

// divide inputs into valid and invalid groups to reduce test cases without losing coverage.

Boundary Value Analysis (BVA)

// test at the edges of input ranges where bugs love to hide.

Decision Table Testing

// model complex business rules as a table to ensure every condition is tested.

State Transition Testing

// test how a system moves between states in response to events.

Use Case Testing

// design tests based on how real users interact with the system.

Error Guessing & Experience-Based Testing

// leverage experience and intuition to find bugs that structured techniques miss.

Exploratory Testing

// simultaneous learning, test design, and execution — no scripts needed.

Checklist-Based Testing

// use structured checklists to ensure consistent, repeatable coverage without writing full test cases.

Pairwise Testing

// cut test case count by 80%+ by covering every pair of parameter values — where most bugs hide.

Cause-Effect Graphing

// map conditions to outcomes visually, then derive a complete test suite from the logical relationships.